Enigma

Biography

Enigma is a German musical project founded in 1990 by Romanian-German musician and producer Michael Cretu. Cretu had released several solo records, collaborating with various artists, and produced albums for his then-wife, German pop singer Sandra, before he conceived the idea of a new-age, worldbeat project. He recorded the first Enigma studio album, MCMXC a.D.×MCMXC a.D.3 December 1990 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 7 tracks1The Voice of Enigma2:222Principles of Lust: Sadeness / Find Love / Sadeness (reprise)11:443Callas Went Away4:284Mea Culpa5:035The Voice & The Snake1:406Knocking on Forbidden Doors4:317Back to the Rivers of Belief: Way to Eternity / Hallelujah / The Rivers of Belief10:32 (1990), with contributions from David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. The album remains Enigma's most successful, helped by the international hit single "Sadeness (Part I)", which sold 12 million units alone. According to Cretu, the inspiration for the project came from his desire to make a kind of music that did not obey "the old rules and habits" and presented a new form of artistic expression with a return to mysticism.
Enigma followed MCMXC a.D. with a series of albums that involved different musicians and producers working with Cretu. The first was The Cross of Changes (1993), which incorporated tribal and ethnic influences and sold over eight million copies worldwide, followed by Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! (1996), which blended the Gregorian chants reminiscent of the first album with the strong intercultural soundscapes present in the second. Enigma's fourth album, The Screen Behind the Mirror×The Screen Behind the Mirror13 January 2000 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracks1The Gate2:042Push the Limits6:273Gravity of Love3:594Smell of Desire4:575Modern Crusaders3:516Traces (Light and Weight)4:127The Screen Behind the Mirror3:598Endless Quest3:069Camera Obscura1:2810Between Mind & Heart4:1011Silence Must Be Heard5:19 (2000), started a slight departure from the previous world music themes towards a heavier electronic atmosphere. This evolution culminated with Voyageur (2003), its fifth and more pop-based album, and A Posteriori×A posteriori16 September 2006 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Eppur si muove3:412Feel Me Heaven4:503Dreaming of Andromeda4:264Dancing With Mephisto4:255Northern Lights3:406Invisible Love4:557Message From Io3:108Hello and Welcome5:09920.000 Miles Over the Sea4:2310Sitting on the Moon4:2111The Alchemist4:4112Goodbye Milky Way5:58 (2006), a work inspired by the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, with distinct operatic tones and an electronic spectrum closer to Voyageur than earlier releases. Seven Lives Many Faces (2008) followed and contained a mixture of classical and modern elements, ranging from ethnic chants to rap and dubstep influences. Enigma's eighth album, The Fall of a Rebel Angel×The Fall of a Rebel Angel11 November 2016 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 48 tracks · 2 discsDisc 11Circle Eight2:182The Omega Point5:393Diving2:534The Die Is Cast4:165Mother3:386Agnus Dei3:577Sadeness, Part II4:088Lost in Nothingness3:209Oxygen Red4:0210Confession of the Mind3:4711Absolvo2:0112Amen4:53Disc 21The Story of “Circle Eight”1:002The Story of “The Omega Point”1:493The Story of “Diving”1:264The Story of “The Die Is Cast”1:595The Story of “Mother”2:036The Story of “Agnus Dei”2:497The Story of “Sadeness, Part II”2:378The Story of “Lost in Nothingness”1:469The Story of “Oxygen Red”1:5610The Story of “Confession of the Mind”2:4311The Story of “Absolvo”1:2712The Story of “Amen”1:3713La historia de “Circle Eight”1:0014La historia de “The Omega Point”1:4915La historia de “Diving”1:2616La historia de “The Die Is Cast”1:5917La historia de “Mother”2:0318La historia de “Agnus Dei”2:4919La historia de “Sadeness, Part II”2:3720La historia de “Lost in Nothingness”1:4621La historia de “Oxygen Red”1:5622La historia de “Confession of the Mind”2:4323La historia de “Absolvo”1:2724La historia de “Amen”1:3725L’Histoire de “Circle Eight”1:0026L’Histoire de “The Omega Point”1:4927L’Histoire de “Diving”1:2628L’Histoire de “The Die Is Cast”1:5929L’Histoire de “Mother”2:0330L’Histoire de “Agnus Dei”2:4931L’Histoire de “Sadeness, Part II”2:3732L’Histoire de “Lost in Nothingness”1:4633L’Histoire de “Oxygen Red”1:5634L’Histoire de “Confession of the Mind”2:4335L’Histoire de “Absolvo”1:2736L’Histoire de “Amen”1:38, was released in November 2016.
The project has sold over 8.5 million RIAA-certified albums in the US and an estimated 70 million worldwide, with over 100 gold and platinum certifications. It has also received two Grammy Award nominations.

Formation

By the late 1980s, Romanian-born German musician and producer Michael Cretu had collaborated with several musicians, produced albums recorded by his then-wife, German pop singer Sandra, and released solo albums under his name for Polydor and Virgin Records, to varying levels of commercial success across Europe. In 1988, Cretu and Sandra married and relocated to the Spanish island of Ibiza. A home recording studio, A.R.T. Studios, was built, and Cretu began work on a new, worldbeat and new-age musical project named Enigma with David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. Cretu secured a deal with Munich-based Mambo Musik to handle Enigma's management and publishing.

1990s

The first Enigma album, MCMXC a.D.×MCMXC a.D.3 December 1990 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 7 tracks1The Voice of Enigma2:222Principles of Lust: Sadeness / Find Love / Sadeness (reprise)11:443Callas Went Away4:284Mea Culpa5:035The Voice & The Snake1:406Knocking on Forbidden Doors4:317Back to the Rivers of Belief: Way to Eternity / Hallelujah / The Rivers of Belief10:32, was recorded in eight months and incorporated Gregorian chants mixed with atmospheric music and dance beats. He had previously used a Gregorian-type chant on the opening seconds of Sandra's 1987 single "Everlasting Love". Cretu wished to exclude his name from the album's liner notes so the listener could conjure their own interpretations. He recalled management "fell off their chairs" when he requested it, "but it worked". Cretu credits himself as "Curly M.C." and Peterson is listed as "F. Gregorian". Upon its release in December 1990, MCMXC a.D. became an unexpected commercial success, helped by the international hit single "Sadeness (Part I)", released a month prior that reached number one in 24 countries. The album reached the top 10 in ten countries, including the United Kingdom, and number six on the Billboard 200 in the United States, where it sold over four million copies and charted for more than 150 weeks. The album earned over 50 platinum sales awards worldwide, and made Enigma the most successful act signed to Virgin at the time of release.
Following the success of MCMXC a.D., Cretu received many offers for soundtrack work and writing film scores. He turned the majority of them down as he disliked the scripts presented to him except for the erotic thriller film Sliver (1993), for which he produced two songs for its soundtrack: "Carly's Song" and "Carly's Loneliness". The former was reworked into "Age of Loneliness×Age of Loneliness23 August 1994 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 5 tracks1Age of Loneliness (radio edit)4:172Age of Loneliness (Clubby radio edit)3:323Age of Loneliness (Enigmatic club mix)6:234Age of Loneliness (Jam & Spoon remix)6:315Age of Loneliness (album version)5:20" in 1993. Cretu was unable to contribute more to the soundtrack as he wished to spend his time working on the second Enigma album.
The Cross of Changes was recorded in 1993. The long period in between the first and second was partly down to Virgin and Cretu's manager forgetting to extend his contract with Virgin. This led to Cretu signing a new, five-album deal. Cretu retained many of the elements from the first album, but "wanted to have a completely different experience. I wanted to mix as much as possible rock elements and ethnic and classical". Numerous samples were used, including from songs by Genesis, Black Sabbath, Vangelis and U2. Cretu made a conscious effort to reduce the amount of Gregorian chants incorporated into the album. Cretu based much of its lyrics on the concepts behind numerology, and read books on the subject. The Cross of Changes was released in December 1993, and reached number one in the UK and number 9 in the US. Four singles were released in 1994: "Return to Innocence×Return to Innocence13 December 1993 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 2 tracks1Return to Innocence (radio edit)4:102Return to Innocence (380 Midnight mix)5:54", "The Eyes of Truth×The Eyes of Truth11 April 1994 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 4 tracks1The Eyes of Truth (radio edit)4:402The Eyes of Truth (album version)7:283The Eyes of Truth (The Götterdämmerung mix: The Twilight of the Gods)7:194The Eyes of Truth (dub version)5:33", "Age of Loneliness" and "Out from the Deep×Out From the Deep2 November 1994 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 4 tracks1Out From the Deep (radio edit)4:312Out From the Deep (rock version)6:433Out From the Deep (trance mix)5:504Out From the Deep (short radio edit)3:27". The first of these became an international top-10 hit in twelve countries and is certified gold in the US for selling half a million copies. The Cross of Changes sold an estimated 8 million copies worldwide.
In 1996, Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! was released. Cretu's idea was that this third album was the child of the previous two albums, and therefore included familiar elements of Gregorian chants and Sanskrit chants in it. It did not achieve the same level of success that they enjoyed previously, and as a result, only two of the three singles originally slated were released. Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! sold over one million units in the United States, achieved a Gold certificate in the United Kingdom and two Grammy nominations: one for its artwork design and the second as Best New Age Album. After the album's release, Cretu found that several fake Enigma albums were released onto the market that Cretu deemed as "awful messes".

2000s

The 2000 release of The Screen Behind the Mirror included samples from Carl Orff's Carmina Burana on four tracks on the album. This time the Gregorian chants were toned down tremendously, although Shakuhachi flutes and other traditional Enigma signatures remain. Only "Gravity of Love×Gravity of Love15 November 1999 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 3 tracks1Gravity of Love (radio edit)4:002Gravity of Love (Judgement Day club mix)6:143Gravity of Love (Dark vocal club mix)6:39" and "Push the Limits×Push the Limits17 April 2000 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 3 tracks1Push the Limits (radio edit)3:542Push the Limits (ATB radio remix)3:353Push the Limits (ATB remix)8:30" were released as singles from the album. Ruth-Ann Boyle (from the band Olive) and Andru Donalds mark their first appearances on the Enigma project.
In 2001, Cretu released a new single called "Turn Around×Turn AroundSeptember 2001 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 4 tracks1Turn Around (radio edit)3:532Turn Around (Northern Lights club mix)10:403Gravity of Love (Chilled club mix)5:274Turn Around3:53" together with Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits and Love Sensuality Devotion: The Remix Collection to end what he considers to be the first chapter of Enigma. A light show was held at the Munich Planetarium in conjunction with the release of the compilation albums.
2003's Voyageur saw a change of direction for the project, with most of the prominent Enigma signature elements (the ethnic and Gregorian chants, the Shakuhachi flutes) no longer employed.
To commemorate the fifteen years of Enigma, a limited-edition album called 15 Years After×15 Years After12 December 2005 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 59 tracks · 6 discsDisc 11The Voice of Enigma2:222Principles of Lust: Sadeness / Find Love / Sadeness (reprise)11:443Callas Went Away4:284Mea Culpa5:015The Voice & The Snake1:316Knocking on Forbidden Doors4:237Back to the Rivers of Belief: Way to Eternity / Hallelujah / The Rivers of Belief10:36Disc 21Second Chapter2:152The Eyes of Truth7:153Return to Innocence4:164I Love You… I’ll Kill You8:535Silent Warrior6:106The Dream of the Dolphin2:477Age of Loneliness (Carly’s Song)5:228Out From the Deep4:539The Cross of Changes2:24Disc 31Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi !1:582Morphing Thru Time5:483Third of Its Kind0:194Beyond the Invisible5:005Why!…4:596Shadows in Silence4:217The Child in Us5:068T.N.T. for the Brain4:269Almost Full Moon3:2610The Roundabout3:3911Prism of Life4:5512Odyssey of the Mind1:41Disc 41The Gate2:042Push the Limits6:273Gravity of Love3:594Smell of Desire4:575Modern Crusaders3:516Traces (Light and Weight)4:127The Screen Behind the Mirror3:598Endless Quest3:069Camera Obscura1:2810Between Mind & Heart4:1011Silence Must Be Heard5:20Disc 51From East to West4:122Voyageur4:373Incognito4:234Page of Cups7:015Boum‐Boum4:296Total Eclipse of the Moon2:177Look of Today3:438In the Shadow, in the Light5:359Weightless2:1510The Piano3:0011Following the Sun5:48Disc 61Hello & Welcome (the single)3:552The Child in Us4:173Age of Loneliness5:234Eyes of Truth9:025Rivers of Belief6:576Endless Quest5:297Sadeness, Part 17:358Voyageur1:429Beyond the Invisible4:39 was launched, which was the size of an LP vinyl disk, with Leonardo da Vinci's art in the cover, a big booklet with extra art, and featured eight compact discs: all the previous albums, the DVD Remember the Future×Remember the Future13 December 2001 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracks1Sadeness, Part 14:152Mea Culpa4:003Principles of Lust3:294The Rivers of Belief4:195Return to Innocence4:556The Eyes of Truth5:337Age of Loneliness (Carly’s Song)4:128Beyond the Invisible4:369T.N.T. for the Brain4:0110Gravity of Love3:5811Push the Limits3:53, and a special and exclusive bonus CD, The Dusted Variations, which included chill-out versions of several of the project's greatest hits. All of the songs are different from the originals and use minimal percussion. This disc also contained the single version of "Hello and Welcome", which was later released as a single. On 28 August 2005, Enigma's management Crocodile Music announced the release of "Hello and Welcome" as a single. It was released in Germany on 10 March 2006.
On 26 September 2006, Enigma's sixth album A Posteriori×A posteriori16 September 2006 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Eppur si muove3:412Feel Me Heaven4:503Dreaming of Andromeda4:264Dancing With Mephisto4:255Northern Lights3:406Invisible Love4:557Message From Io3:108Hello and Welcome5:09920.000 Miles Over the Sea4:2310Sitting on the Moon4:2111The Alchemist4:4112Goodbye Milky Way5:58 was released worldwide, containing a new version of "Hello and Welcome" and the new song "Goodbye, Milky Way". A DVD version of A Posteriori was released on 16 December 2006, which featured kaleidoscope images in synchronization with the multi-channel remastered music. A Posteriori received a Grammy nomination as Best New Age Album, its second in that category following 1996's Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! nomination. In late March 2007, a Private Lounge remix album version of A Posteriori was released on the iTunes Music Store. This compilation includes twelve new remixed tracks from the album by artists such as Boca Junior, Tocadisco and more. Some of these tracks were available previously on the original A Posteriori iTunes version of the album and the previously mentioned DVD release.
On 19 September 2008, Enigma's seventh album Seven Lives Many Faces×Seven Lives Many Faces30 August 2008 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Encounters3:132Seven Lives4:253Touchness3:364The Same Parents5:205Fata Morgana3:246Hell’s Heaven3:527La puerta del cielo3:288Distorted Love4:129Je t’aime Till My Dying Day4:1910Déjà vu2:5611Between Generations4:3112The Language of Sound4:21 was released worldwide. The lead single, "Seven Lives", is a fusion of modern and classical elements.
The Platinum Collection, a three-disc compilation, was released on 27 November 2009 in Germany, and on 9 February 2010 worldwide. The first CD contains Enigma hits. The second CD contains remixes. The third CD is a collection of "lost tracks", musical experiments which never were finalized and released previously.

2010s–present

On 5 October 2010, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first album MCMXC a.D.×MCMXC a.D.3 December 1990 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 7 tracks1The Voice of Enigma2:222Principles of Lust: Sadeness / Find Love / Sadeness (reprise)11:443Callas Went Away4:284Mea Culpa5:035The Voice & The Snake1:406Knocking on Forbidden Doors4:317Back to the Rivers of Belief: Way to Eternity / Hallelujah / The Rivers of Belief10:32, the "Enigma's Social Song" project began. Enigma fans were asked to submit vocals for a new Enigma song. The public was then asked to vote, with the winning submission "Fei mea" being provided by Latvian singer Fox Lima (real name Alise Ketnere) for the chorus. The top three runners-up, Mark Joshua from Brazil, J. Spring from Spain, and Rasa Serra from Lithuania, provided other important parts of the vocals like the bridge, backing and verse of the final version of the single. Fans also influenced further stages of the song's creation by voting on elements such as a lead instrument, general mood, and style of the track. The final mix of the single named "MMX (The Social Song)×MMX (The Social Song)15 December 2010 · SingleSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 2 tracks1MMX (The Social Song)4:142MMX (The Social Song) (Sumon extended remix)4:47" was released on 15 December 2010. It became the first song ever created for and by the fans via the internet.
In August 2016, Enigma's eighth studio album, The Fall of a Rebel Angel×The Fall of a Rebel Angel11 November 2016 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 48 tracks · 2 discsDisc 11Circle Eight2:182The Omega Point5:393Diving2:534The Die Is Cast4:165Mother3:386Agnus Dei3:577Sadeness, Part II4:088Lost in Nothingness3:209Oxygen Red4:0210Confession of the Mind3:4711Absolvo2:0112Amen4:53Disc 21The Story of “Circle Eight”1:002The Story of “The Omega Point”1:493The Story of “Diving”1:264The Story of “The Die Is Cast”1:595The Story of “Mother”2:036The Story of “Agnus Dei”2:497The Story of “Sadeness, Part II”2:378The Story of “Lost in Nothingness”1:469The Story of “Oxygen Red”1:5610The Story of “Confession of the Mind”2:4311The Story of “Absolvo”1:2712The Story of “Amen”1:3713La historia de “Circle Eight”1:0014La historia de “The Omega Point”1:4915La historia de “Diving”1:2616La historia de “The Die Is Cast”1:5917La historia de “Mother”2:0318La historia de “Agnus Dei”2:4919La historia de “Sadeness, Part II”2:3720La historia de “Lost in Nothingness”1:4621La historia de “Oxygen Red”1:5622La historia de “Confession of the Mind”2:4323La historia de “Absolvo”1:2724La historia de “Amen”1:3725L’Histoire de “Circle Eight”1:0026L’Histoire de “The Omega Point”1:4927L’Histoire de “Diving”1:2628L’Histoire de “The Die Is Cast”1:5929L’Histoire de “Mother”2:0330L’Histoire de “Agnus Dei”2:4931L’Histoire de “Sadeness, Part II”2:3732L’Histoire de “Lost in Nothingness”1:4633L’Histoire de “Oxygen Red”1:5634L’Histoire de “Confession of the Mind”2:4335L’Histoire de “Absolvo”1:2736L’Histoire de “Amen”1:38, was announced for a release on 11 November 2016. It features guest musicians Brazilian singer-songwriter Mark Josher, Indonesian singer Anggun, female voice Nanuk, and English electro-pop duo Aquilo. Two singles from the album have been released, "Sadeness (Part II)×Sadeness (Part II)10 October 2016 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 1 track1Sadeness (Part II)4:08" featuring Anggun, and "Amen" featuring Aquilo.
In May 2018, limited-edition coloured vinyl editions of Enigma's entire catalogue were released in a new collection, The Colours of Enigma – The Vinyl Series. The set features new artwork and remastered stereo mixes made from the original master tapes.
Throughout 2019 and into 2020, three former vocalists for Enigma—Andru Donalds, Angel X and Fox Lima—embarked on a world tour under the name Original Enigma Voices. This marks the first time Enigma's music has been performed live.

Recording technologies

Cretu recorded the first five Enigma albums at A.R.T. Studios, a home recording studio located on the Spanish island of Ibiza. From 1988 until 2001, Cretu lived in Santa Eulària des Riu followed by, from 2001 to 2008, a villa near Sant Antoni where the studio was redesigned and built by Gunter Wagner and Bernd Steber. A Posteriori and Seven Lives Many Faces were recorded using an all-in-one mobile digital recording studio named Alchemist. In 2010, a reworked version of Alchemist was built and named Merlin. "MMX The Social Song" was the first Enigma release recorded with this model.

Sampling and lawsuits

In 1991, Cretu was sued by and later settled with Munich-based choir Capella Antiqua and its record label Polydor Germany for infringing its "right of personality" through distortion in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa (Part II)". The samples were taken from Capella Antiqua's 1976 LP Paschale Mysterium. Although the musical compositions were in the public domain, Capella Antiqua's recording of them was copyrighted. European law also recognizes moral rights (droit moral) in works.
In 1998, Cretu was sued by Taiwanese musicians Difang and Igay Duana (also known as Kuo Ying-nan and Kuo Hsiu-chu), whose voices are used in "Return to Innocence×Return to Innocence13 December 1993 · SingleSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 2 tracks1Return to Innocence (radio edit)4:102Return to Innocence (380 Midnight mix)5:54", over the unauthorized usage of their song without credit. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money and all further releases of the song were credited (including royalties) to the Kuos. Cretu has stated that he had been led to believe that the recording was in the public domain and that he did not intentionally violate the Kuos' copyright.

Musical style

Enigma generally produces worldbeat and New-age songs. The musical project is very experimental, often combining elements from other genres like ambience, pop, or rock. Michael Cretu has said in an Q&A that he is "always looking for the unknown and I am trying to find new ways to express my ideas." He later said: Enigma is all about reaching the limit and even moving forward from the already known. Experiments are a big part of my work and with every record Enigma has released there is something new.
Enigma's first album, MCMXC a.D.×MCMXC a.D.3 December 1990 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 7 tracks1The Voice of Enigma2:222Principles of Lust: Sadeness / Find Love / Sadeness (reprise)11:443Callas Went Away4:284Mea Culpa5:035The Voice & The Snake1:406Knocking on Forbidden Doors4:317Back to the Rivers of Belief: Way to Eternity / Hallelujah / The Rivers of Belief10:32, combines Gregorian chants and religious overtones with atmospheric synths, a hypnotic music-set, and a dance-like beat, along with elements of pop and ambience all accompanied by French-like whispers and somewhat erotic gasps, provided by Sandra. The Cross of Changes, Enigma's second album, replaces the Gregorian chants from the MCMXC a.D. with ethnic and tribal chanting. The album is atmospheric and spiritual like MCMXC a.D., but is combined with more well-developed beats and lyrics about love and self-awareness. Most other albums follow similar themes that often "revolve around religion, sex, numerology, and life" according to Micheal.

Legacy

Enigma's international success with MCMXC a.D. was a precursor to the creation of several other musical projects that follow similar styles and marketing approaches, especially the use of the term "project" as opposed to the band to denominate themselves, and the label "enigmatic music", employed mainly by radios and listeners, to categorize their music inside the new-age umbrella. Cretu has cited the progressive rock band Yes as an influence.
Soon after working with Michael Cretu on the first Enigma album, German producer Frank Peterson left the project to focus on Gregorian, a band that performs mostly covers of modern pop and rock songs with Gregorian-like vocals and symphonic instruments. Likewise, French musical project Era features Gregorian chants mixed with pop-rock arrangements and is also frequently compared in scope to Enigma.
More electronic projects that often draw comparisons with Enigma are French act Deep Forest, Canadian duo Delerium, Danish project Achillea (created by Enigma's co-producer and guest guitarist Jens Gad) and German project Schiller.

Personnel

Current members

Michael Cretu – music, lyrics, vocals, production, arrangements, programming, engineering (1990–present)
Former members and guest artists