Etta James

Biography

Jamesetta Hawkins (January 25, 1938 – January 20, 2012), known professionally as Etta James, was an American singer and songwriter. Starting her career in 1954, James frequently performed in Nashville's R&B clubs, collectively known in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s as the Chitlin' Circuit. She sang in various genres, including gospel, blues, jazz, R&B, rock and roll and soul and gained fame with hits such as "The Wallflower" (1955), "At Last×At Last1991 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1At Last2:592My Dearest Darling3:003Something's Got A Hold On Me2:464Stop The Wedding2:345Spoonful2:506Security2:497I'd Rather Go Blind2:378It's Too Soon To Know2:509Sunday Kinf Of Love3:1710Stormy Weather3:0711Girl Out Of My Dreams2:2112Out On The Street Again4:12" (1960), "Something's Got a Hold on Me" (1962), "Tell Mama×Tell MamaJanuary 1968 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracksA1Tell Mama2:23A2I'd Rather Go Blind2:38A3Watch Dog2:10A4The Love of My Man2:43A5I'm Gonna Take What He's Got2:37A6The Same Rope2:42B1Security2:49B2Steal Away2:22B3My Mother-in-Law2:24B4Don't Lose Your Good Thing2:30B5It Hurts Me So Much2:38B6Just a Little Bit2:14" and "I'd Rather Go Blind" (both 1967). She faced a number of personal problems, including heroin addiction, severe physical abuse and incarceration, before making a musical comeback in the late 1980s with the album Seven Year Itch×Seven Year Itch26 September 1988 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracks1I Got the Will2:552Jump Into My Fire4:073Shakey Ground3:194Come to Mama4:225Damn Your Eyes4:116Breakin' Up Somebody's Home4:307The Jealous Kind4:118How Strong Is a Woman3:279It Ain't Always What You Do (It's Who You Let See You Do It)3:2810One Night4:13 (1988).
James's deep and earthy voice is considered to have bridged the gap between R&B and rock and roll. She won three Grammy Awards for her albums (2005 - Best Traditional Blues Album for Blues to the Bone×Blues to the Bone2004 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Got My Mojo Working3:352Don't Start Me to Talking2:523Hush Hush3:354Lil' Red Rooster3:545That's Alright3:426Crawlin' King Snake5:327Dust My Broom3:368The Sky Is Crying4:009Smokestack Lightnin'6:5010You Shook Me3:5211Driving Wheel2:5912Honey, Don't Tear My Clothes3:31; 2004 - Best Contemporary Blues Album for Let's Roll×Let's Roll2003 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Somebody to Love5:482The Blues Is My Business3:333Leap of Faith4:004Strongest Weakness4:545Wayward Saints of Memphis5:426Lie No Better3:327Trust Yourself4:468A Change Is Gonna Do Me Good5:249Old Weakness3:1210Stacked Deck8:0211On the 7th Day5:0112Please, No More4:41 and 1995 - Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female for Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday) and 17 Blues Music Awards. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993, the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 and the Blues Hall of Fame in 2001. She also received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003. Rolling Stone magazine ranked James number 22 on its 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time"; she was also ranked number 62 in its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Billboard magazine's 2015 list of the "35 Greatest R&B Artists of All Time" also included James, whose "gutsy, take-no-prisoner vocals colorfully interpreted everything from blues and R&B/soul to rock n’roll, jazz and gospel." The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named her "one of the greatest voices of her century" and "forever the matriarch of blues."

1938–1959: Childhood and career beginnings

James was born Jamesetta Hawkins on January 25, 1938, in Los Angeles, California, to Dorothy Hawkins, who was 14 at the time. Although her father was never identified, James speculated that she was the daughter of pool player Rudolf "Minnesota Fats" Wanderone, whom she met briefly in 1987. Her mother was frequently absent from their apartment in Watts, conducting relationships with various men, and James lived with a series of foster parents, most notably "Sarge" and "Mama" Lu. James referred to her mother as "the Mystery Lady". James was raised by relatives and friends during her childhood, and she began regularly attending a Baptist church while in the care of her grandparents.
James received her first professional vocal training at the age of five from James Earle Hines, musical director of the Echoes of Eden choir at the St. Paul Baptist Church in South-Central Los Angeles. She became a soloist in the choir despite her young age and performed with them on local radio stations. She quickly gained attention for having a strong voice for a child. Hines often punched her in the chest while she sang to force her voice to come from her gut.
Sarge, like Hines, was also abusive. During drunken poker games at home, he would awaken James in the early morning hours and force her with beatings to sing for his friends. The trauma of her foster father forcing her to sing under these humiliating circumstances caused her to have difficulties with singing on demand throughout her career.
In 1950, Mama Lu died, and James's biological mother took her to the Fillmore district of San Francisco. Within a couple of years, she began listening to doo-wop and was inspired to form a girl group, the Creolettes (so named for the members' light-skinned complexions).
At the age of 14, she met musician Johnny Otis. Stories on how they met vary. In Otis's version, she came to his hotel after one of his performances in the city and persuaded him to audition her. Another story was that Otis spotted the Creolettes performing at a Los Angeles nightclub and sought for them to record his "answer song" to Hank Ballard's "Work with Me, Annie". Otis took the Creolettes under his wing and helped them sign to Modern Records, at which point they changed their name to Peaches. At this time Otis also gave James her stage name, transposing "Jamesetta" (her given first name) into "Etta James." In 1954, James recorded and was credited as co-author for "The Wallflower" (a title change to the aforementioned song, "Work with Me, Annie"), which was released in early 1955. The original title of the song was actually "Roll with Me, Henry", but it had been changed to avoid censorship at the time (roll implying sexual activity). In February 1955, the song reached number one on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Tracks chart. Its success also gave the Peaches an opening spot on Little Richard's national tour.
While James was on tour with Richard, pop singer Georgia Gibbs recorded a version of her song and released it under the again-altered title "Dance With Me, Henry." It became a crossover hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100, which angered James.
After leaving the Peaches, James had another R&B hit with "Good Rockin' Daddy" but struggled with follow-ups. When her contract with Modern came up for renewal in 1960, she signed a contract with Chess Records instead, with which she would go on to become one of the label's earliest stars. Around this time, she became involved in a relationship with the singer Harvey Fuqua, the founder of the doo-wop group the Moonglows.
Musician Bobby Murray toured with James for over 20 years. He wrote that James had her first hit single when she was 15 years old and went steady with B.B. King when she was 16. James believed that King's hit single "Sweet Sixteen" was about her. In early 1955, she and an aspiring singer, the 19-year-old Elvis Presley, then recording for Sun Studios and an avid fan of King's, shared a bill in a large club just outside Memphis. In her autobiography, she noted how impressed she was with the young singer's manners. She also recalled how happy he made her many years later when she found out that it was Presley who had moved her close friend Jackie Wilson from a substandard convalescent home to a more appropriate facility and, as she put it, paid all the expenses. Presley died a year later. Wilson went on to live for another ten years in the care center Presley found for him.

1960–1978: Chess and Warner Bros. years

James's first hit singles with Fuqua were "If I Can't Have You" and "Spoonful". Her first solo hit was the doo-wop–styled rhythm-and-blues song "All I Could Do Was Cry×All I Could Do Was CryStudio albumSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1All I Could Do Was Cry2:562If I Can't Have You2:463Trust In Me2:594Don't Cry, Baby2:285Tell Mama2:226Pushover2:577Fool That I Am2:548Waiting For Charlie To Come Home2:099Steal Away2:2310Anything To Say You're Mine2:3511Tough Mary2:2212Only Time Will Tell3:17", which was a number two R&B hit. Chess Records co-founder Leonard Chess envisioned James as a classic ballad stylist who had potential to cross over to the pop charts and soon surrounded the singer with violins and other string instruments. The first string-laden ballad James recorded was "My Dearest Darling" in May 1960, which peaked in the top five of the R&B chart. James sang background vocals for her labelmate Chuck Berry on his "Back in the U.S.A."
Her debut album, At Last!×At Last!15 November 1960 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracksA1Anything to Say You're Mine2:36A2My Dearest Darling3:03A3Trust in Me3:00A4Sunday Kind of Love3:17A5Tough Mary2:26B1I Just Want to Make Love to You3:07B2At Last3:00B3All I Could Do Was Cry2:55B4Stormy Weather3:08B5Girl of My Dreams2:21, was released in late 1960 and was noted for its varied selection of music, from jazz standards to blues to doo-wop and rhythm and blues (R&B). The album included the future classics "I Just Want to Make Love to You×I Just Want To Make Love To You1996 · SingleSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 3 tracks1I Just Want to Make Love to You3:052Tell Mama2:203Stormy Weather3:05" and "A Sunday Kind of Love". In early 1961, James released what was to become her signature song, "At Last×At Last1991 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1At Last2:592My Dearest Darling3:003Something's Got A Hold On Me2:464Stop The Wedding2:345Spoonful2:506Security2:497I'd Rather Go Blind2:378It's Too Soon To Know2:509Sunday Kinf Of Love3:1710Stormy Weather3:0711Girl Out Of My Dreams2:2112Out On The Street Again4:12", a Glenn Miller tune, which reached number two on the R&B chart and number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100. Though the record was not as successful as expected, her rendition has become the best-known version of the song. James followed this with "Trust in Me", which also included string instruments. Later that same year (1960), James released a second studio album, The Second Time Around×The Second Time Around1961 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracksA1Don't Cry Baby2:31A2Fool That I Am3:01A3One for My Baby3:30A4In My Diary2:37A5Seven Day Fool3:01B1It's Too Soon to Know2:51B2Dream2:28B3I'll Dry My Tears2:40B4Plum Nuts3:03B5Don't Get Around Much Anymore2:26. The album took the same direction as her first, covering jazz and pop standards and with strings on many of the songs. It produced two hit singles, "Fool That I Am" and "Don't Cry Baby".
James started adding gospel elements in her music the following year, releasing "Something's Got a Hold on Me", which peaked at number four on the R&B chart and was a Top 40 pop hit. That success was quickly followed by "Stop the Wedding", which reached number six on the R&B chart and also had gospel elements. In 1963, she had another major hit with "Pushover" and released the live album Etta James Rocks the House×Rocks the House23 January 1964 · Album · LiveSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 8 tracksA1Something's Gotta Hold on Me4:23A2Baby, What You Want Me to Do4:10A3What I Say3:07A4Money3:18B1Seven Day Fool4:25B2Sweet Little Angel4:10B3Ooh Poo Pah Doo4:15B4Woke Up This Morning4:10, recorded at the New Era Club in Nashville, Tennessee. After a couple of years of minor hits, James's career started to suffer after 1965. After a period of isolation, she returned to recording in 1967 and reemerged with more gutsy R&B numbers thanks to her recording at the legendary FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. These sessions yielded her comeback hit "Tell Mama×Tell MamaJanuary 1968 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracksA1Tell Mama2:23A2I'd Rather Go Blind2:38A3Watch Dog2:10A4The Love of My Man2:43A5I'm Gonna Take What He's Got2:37A6The Same Rope2:42B1Security2:49B2Steal Away2:22B3My Mother-in-Law2:24B4Don't Lose Your Good Thing2:30B5It Hurts Me So Much2:38B6Just a Little Bit2:14", co-written by Clarence Carter, which reached number ten on the R&B chart and number twenty-three for pop. An album of the same name was also released that year and included her take on Otis Redding's "Security". The B-side of "Tell Mama" was "I'd Rather Go Blind", which became a blues classic and has been recorded by many other artists. In her autobiography, Rage to Survive, she wrote that she heard the song outlined by her friend Ellington "Fugi" Jordan when she visited him in prison. According to her account, she wrote the rest of the song with Jordan but for tax reasons gave her songwriting credit to her partner at the time, Billy Foster.
Following this success, James became an in-demand concert performer, though she never again reached the heyday of her early to mid-1960s success. Her records continued to chart in the R&B Top 40 in the early 1970s, with singles such as "Losers Weepers×Losers Weepers1970 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracksA1Take Out Some Insurance2:58A2I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good4:30A3I Think It's You3:56A4Someone3:50A5Losers Weepers2:33A6Weepers2:33B1You're the Fool2:40B2Hold Back My Tears6:07B3For All We Know3:28B4Look at the Rain3:04B5Ease Away a Little Bit at a Time3:40" (1970) and "I Found a Love" (1972). Though James continued to record for Chess, she was devastated by the death of record executive Leonard Chess in 1969. James ventured into rock and funk with the release of her self-titled album in 1973, with production from the famed rock producer Gabriel Mekler, who had worked with Steppenwolf and Janis Joplin. Joplin had admired James and had covered "Tell Mama" in concert. James's 1973 album, exhibiting a mixture of musical styles, was nominated for a Grammy Award. The album did not produce any major hits, however, and neither did the follow-up album, Come a Little Closer×Come a Little Closer1974 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Out on the Street Again4:212Mama Told Me2:313You Give Me What I Want3:404Come a Little Closer3:325Let’s Burn Down the Cornfield3:466Power Play3:267Feeling Uneasy2:518St. Louis Blues4:329Gonna Have Some Fun Tonight4:0310Sookie Sookie3:0911Lovin’ Arms3:5012Out on the Street Again (single edit)3:44, in 1974, though, like '73's Etta James before it, the album was also critically acclaimed.
In 1975, James opened for comedian Richard Pryor at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles.
James continued to record for Chess (now owned by All Platinum Records), releasing one more album in 1976, Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!×Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!1976 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracksA1Woman (Shake Your Booty)5:53A2A Love Vibration2:55A3Only a Fool2:38A4Little Bit of Love2:30A5Groove Me3:33B1Jump Into Love3:21B2Leave Your Hat On3:21B3I've Been a Fool3:08B4Blinded by Love3:15B5Ain't No Pity in the Naked City4:42 Her 1978 album Deep in the Night×Deep in the Night1978 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracksA1Laying Beside You4:10A2Piece of My Heart3:37A3Only Women Bleed4:01A4Take It to the Limit4:12A5Deep in the Night4:50B1Lovesick Blues3:17B2Strange Man3:18B3Sugar on the Floor4:43B4Sweet Touch of Love3:19B5Blind Girl5:41, produced by Jerry Wexler for Warner Bros., incorporated more rock-based music in her repertoire. That same year, James was the opening act for the Rolling Stones and performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival. Following this brief success, however, she left Chess Records and did not record for another ten years while she struggled with drug addiction and alcoholism.

1982–1998: Continued performances and return to recording

During her hiatus from recording, James still performed on occasion through the early and mid-1980s, including two guest appearances at Grateful Dead concerts in December 1982, and was a guest on John Mayall's Blues Breakers 1982 reunion show in New Jersey. In 1984, she contacted David Wolper and asked to perform in the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics, at which she sang "When the Saints Go Marching In". In 1987, she performed "Rock and Roll Music" with Chuck Berry in the documentary film Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll.
In 1989, she signed with Island Records and with them released the albums Seven Year Itch×Seven Year Itch26 September 1988 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracks1I Got the Will2:552Jump Into My Fire4:073Shakey Ground3:194Come to Mama4:225Damn Your Eyes4:116Breakin' Up Somebody's Home4:307The Jealous Kind4:118How Strong Is a Woman3:279It Ain't Always What You Do (It's Who You Let See You Do It)3:2810One Night4:13 and Stickin' to My Guns, both of which were produced by Barry Beckett and recorded at FAME Studios. Also in 1989 James was filmed in a concert at the Wiltern Theater in Los Angeles with Joe Walsh and Albert Collins for the film Jazzvisions: Jump the Blues Away. Many of the backing musicians were top-flight players from Los Angeles: Rick Rosas (bass), Michael Huey (drums), Ed Sanford (Hammond B3 organ), Kip Noble (piano) and Josh Sklair, James's longtime guitar player.
James participated with the rap singer Def Jef on the song "Droppin' Rhymes on Drums×Droppin' Rhymes On Drums1989 · SingleSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 5 tracksA1Droppin' Rhymes on Drums (vocal)4:23A2Etta Droppin' Science on Drums3:01A3Drums2:00B1God Made Me Funky (LP version)5:00B2God Made Me Funky (instrumental)4:58", which mixed James's jazz vocals with hip-hop. In 1992, she recorded the album The Right Time×The Right Time29 September 1992 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracks1I Sing the Blues5:462Love and Happiness4:283Evening of Love3:404Wet Match3:035You’re Taking Up Another Man’s Place3:456Give It Up3:417Let It Rock3:338Ninety Nine and a Half (Won’t Do)3:029You’ve Got Me4:1410Nighttime Is the Right Time5:0711Down Home Blues4:38, produced by Jerry Wexler for Elektra Records. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.
James signed with Private Music Records in 1993 and recorded a Billie Holiday tribute album, Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday×Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday15 March 1994 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracks1Don’t Explain5:202You’ve Changed4:383The Man I Love4:304I Don’t Stand a Ghost of a Chance (with You)4:195Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be)5:266Embraceable You3:597How Deep Is the Ocean4:218(I’m Afraid) The Masquerade Is Over5:499Body and Soul4:1910The Very Thought of You4:3511I’ll Be Seeing You4:43. The album set a trend of incorporating more jazz elements in James's music. The album won James her first Grammy Award, for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female, in 1994. In 1995, her autobiography, Rage to Survive, co-written with David Ritz, was published. Also in 1995, she recorded the album Time After Time×Time After Time9 May 1995 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Don’t Go to Strangers5:032Teach Me Tonight5:033Love Is Here to Stay4:324The Nearness of You6:365Time After Time4:276My Funny Valentine5:517Imagination6:568Fool That I Am4:029Willow Weep for Me6:2810Ev’rybody’s Somebody’s Fool5:1911Night and Day4:1912Someone to Watch Over Me6:02. A Christmas album, 12 Songs of Christmas×12 Songs of Christmas13 October 1998 · Studio albumSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Winter Wonderland4:262Jingle Bells5:263This Time of Year5:484Merry Christmas Baby6:105Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas4:456Santa Claus is Coming to Town6:227White Christmas5:538The Christmas Song4:249The Little Drummer Boy5:0010Silent Night4:5011Joy to the World5:3112O Holy Night4:51, was released in 1998.
By the mid-1990s, James's earlier music—by now considered classic—was being used in commercials, including "I Just Wanna Make Love to You", for example. After an excerpt of that song was featured in a Diet Coke advertising campaign in the UK, the song again charted, reaching the top ten on the UK charts in 1996.
By 1998, with the release of Life, Love & the Blues, James had added as backing musicians her own sons, Donto and Sametto, on drums and bass, respectively. They were part of her touring band. She continued recording for Private Music, which released the blues album Matriarch of the Blues×Matriarch of the Blues12 December 2000 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Gotta Serve Somebody6:492Don't Let My Baby Ride5:163Rhymes4:364Try a Little Tenderness4:475Miss You6:006Hawg For Ya3:467You're Gonna Make Me Cry6:188Walking the Back Streets7:089Let's Straighten it Out5:2410Born on the Bayou4:4211Come Back Baby5:5712Hound Dog3:43 in 2000, on which she returned to her R&B roots.

2001–2011: Later years and legacy

In 2001, she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, the latter for her contributions to the development of both rock and roll and rockabilly. In 2003, she received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. On her 2004 release, Blue Gardenia, she returned to a jazz style. Her final album for Private Music, Let's Roll×Let's Roll2003 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Somebody to Love5:482The Blues Is My Business3:333Leap of Faith4:004Strongest Weakness4:545Wayward Saints of Memphis5:426Lie No Better3:327Trust Yourself4:468A Change Is Gonna Do Me Good5:249Old Weakness3:1210Stacked Deck8:0211On the 7th Day5:0112Please, No More4:41, released in 2005, won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album.
In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked her number 62 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
James performed at the top jazz festivals in the world, such as the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1977, 1989, 1990 and 1993. She performed nine times at the legendary Monterey Jazz Festival and five times at the San Francisco Jazz Festival. She performed at the Playboy Jazz Festival in 1990, 1997, 2004, and 2007. She performed six times at the North Sea Jazz Festival, in 1978, 1982, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1993. She performed at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in 2006 and 2009. She also often performed at free summer arts festivals throughout the United States.

In 2008, James was portrayed by singer Beyoncé in the film Cadillac Records, a fictional account of Chess Records, James's label for 18 years, about how label founder and producer Leonard Chess helped the careers of James and others. The film included "At Last×At Last1991 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1At Last2:592My Dearest Darling3:003Something's Got A Hold On Me2:464Stop The Wedding2:345Spoonful2:506Security2:497I'd Rather Go Blind2:378It's Too Soon To Know2:509Sunday Kinf Of Love3:1710Stormy Weather3:0711Girl Out Of My Dreams2:2112Out On The Street Again4:12," performed by Beyoncé. Beyoncé was invited to perform the song at Barack Obama's inaugural ball. In the following weeks James publicly complained that Beyoncé was “singing my song,” but later added that her critical remarks were meant to be received as a joke and stemmed from personal hurt over not having been invited to the sing the song herself for the Obama inauguration. It was later reported that Alzheimer's disease and "drug-induced dementia" had contributed to her negative comments about Knowles.
In April 2009, at the age of 71, James made her final television appearance, performing "At Last" on the program Dancing with the Stars. In May 2009, she received the Soul/Blues Female Artist of the Year award from the Blues Foundation, the ninth time she won that award. She carried on touring but by 2010 had to cancel concert dates because of her gradually failing health; by this time she was suffering from dementia and leukemia. In November 2011, James released her final album, The Dreamer×The Dreamer8 November 2011 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 11 tracks1Groove Me4:402Champagne & Wine3:593Dreamer4:584Welcome to the Jungle3:025Misty Blue4:596Boondocks4:127Cigarettes & Coffee6:238In the Evening4:479Too Tired2:3310That's the Chance You Take3:4911Let Me Down Easy7:05, to critical acclaim. She announced her retirement at the time of its release.
James's enduring relevance was affirmed in 2011 when the Swedish DJ Avicii achieved substantial chart success with the song "Levels", which samples her 1962 song "Something's Got a Hold on Me". The same sample was used by the east coast rapper Flo Rida in his 2011 hit single "Good Feeling". Both artists issued statements of condolence upon James's death. James's original classic music again charted after these 21st-century re-interpretations.

Style and influence

James possessed the vocal range of a contralto. Her musical style changed during the course of her career. At the beginning of her recording career, in the mid-1950s, James was marketed as an R&B and doo-wop singer. After signing with Chess Records in 1960, James broke through as a traditional pop-styled singer, covering jazz and pop music standards on her debut album, At Last!×At Last!15 November 1960 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 10 tracksA1Anything to Say You're Mine2:36A2My Dearest Darling3:03A3Trust in Me3:00A4Sunday Kind of Love3:17A5Tough Mary2:26B1I Just Want to Make Love to You3:07B2At Last3:00B3All I Could Do Was Cry2:55B4Stormy Weather3:08B5Girl of My Dreams2:21 James's voice deepened and coarsened, moving her musical style in her later years into the genres of soul and jazz.
James was once considered one of the most overlooked blues and R&B musicians in the music history of the United States. It was not until the early 1990s, when she began receiving major industry awards from the Grammys and the Blues Foundation, that she received wide recognition. In more recent years, she has been hailed as a pioneer who helped bridge the gap between rhythm and blues and rock and roll and thereby contributed significantly to American musical history. James has influenced a wide variety of musicians, including, notably, Diana Ross, Christina Aguilera, Janis Joplin, Brandy, Bonnie Raitt, Shemekia Copeland, Sabrina Carpenter, Beth Hart, Hayley Williams of Paramore and Brent Smith of Shinedown as well as British artists The Rolling Stones, Elkie Brooks, Paloma Faith, Joss Stone, Rita Ora, Raye, Amy Winehouse, and Adele, and the Belgian singer Dani Klein.
In particular, her song "Something's Got a Hold on Me" has been recognized in many ways. Brussels music act Vaya Con Dios covered the song on their 1990 album Night Owls. Another version, performed by Christina Aguilera, was in the 2010 film Burlesque. Pretty Lights sampled the song in "Finally Moving", followed by Avicii's dance hit "Levels", and again in Flo Rida's single "Good Feeling".
British blues band Chicken Shack recorded Etta James's 1967 single "I'd Rather Go Blind", which ended up becoming successful for the band, with Christine McVie singing lead vocals. The single was successful enough that it garnered Christine McVie the Top Female Singer on the Melody Maker's Reader's Poll in 1969.

Religion

Through her mother, Dorothy, James was introduced to the Nation of Islam. Dorothy attended occasional meetings at Nation of Islam Temple No. 27 in Los Angeles and relayed the teachings to her daughter. Under the care of her grandparents, however, James was raised Baptist. In her adult years, James and a friend began attending a Nation of Islam temple in Atlanta, where she found comfort in the preaching of Minister Louis X and a sense of "racial pride". She took on the name Jamesetta X and later joined Malcolm X’s temple in Harlem; she remained a member for about a decade. It was in Harlem that James became friends with young boxer Cassius Clay, who later changed his name to Muhammad Ali. She didn't strictly follow their beliefs, saying it was "something of a fad" and the "radical, the 'in' thing to do" at the time.

Marriage and children

James was married to Artis Mills from 1969 until her death in 2012. She had two sons, Donto James and Sametto James, born to different fathers. Both of her sons became musicians and eventually performed professionally with their mother; Donto played drums at Montreux in 1993 and Sametto played bass guitar circa 2003, among other performances and tours.

Legal difficulties and drug addiction

By the mid-1960s, James suffered from an addiction to heroin. To finance her habit, she bounced checks, forged prescriptions and stole from her friends. In 1966, she was arrested for writing bad checks; she was placed on probation and ordered to pay a $500 fine. In 1969, she spent 10 days in jail for violating her probation.
James was continuously in and out of rehabilitation centers, including the Tarzana Treatment Centers, in Los Angeles. Her husband, Artis Mills, accepted responsibility when they were both arrested for heroin possession and served a 10-year prison sentence. He was released from prison in 1981.
In 1973, James was arrested for possession of heroin. In 1974, she was sentenced to drug treatment instead of prison. During this period, she became addicted to methadone and would mix her doses with heroin. She was in the Tarzana Psychiatric Hospital for 17 months, starting at the age of 36 and went through a great struggle. In her 1995 autobiography Rage to Survive, she said that the time she spent in the hospital changed her life. After leaving treatment, however, her substance abuse continued, particularly after she developed a relationship with a man who was also using drugs.
In 2010, James received treatment for a dependency on painkillers.

Illness and death

James was hospitalized in January 2010 to treat an infection caused by MRSA, a bacterium resistant to many antibiotics. During her hospitalization, her son Donto revealed to the public that, in 2008, she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
In 2011, James was diagnosed with leukemia. Artis Mills was appointed sole conservator of the James estate and tasked with overseeing her medical care. She died on January 20, 2012, at age 73, at Riverside Community Hospital in Riverside, California. Her death came three days after that of Johnny Otis, the man who had discovered her in the 1950s. Thirty-six days after her death, her sideman Red Holloway also died.
Her funeral was presided over by the Reverend Al Sharpton and took place at Greater Bethany Community Church in Gardena, California, eight days after her death. Stevie Wonder and Christina Aguilera gave musical tributes. She was buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Los Angeles County, California.

Grammys

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. James received six Grammy Awards. Her first was in 1995, when she was awarded Best Jazz Vocal Performance for the album Mystery Lady, which consisted of covers of Billie Holiday songs. Two other albums have also won awards, Let's Roll×Let's Roll2003 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Somebody to Love5:482The Blues Is My Business3:333Leap of Faith4:004Strongest Weakness4:545Wayward Saints of Memphis5:426Lie No Better3:327Trust Yourself4:468A Change Is Gonna Do Me Good5:249Old Weakness3:1210Stacked Deck8:0211On the 7th Day5:0112Please, No More4:41 (Best Contemporary Blues Album) in 2003, and Blues to the Bone×Blues to the Bone2004 · Studio albumSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Got My Mojo Working3:352Don't Start Me to Talking2:523Hush Hush3:354Lil' Red Rooster3:545That's Alright3:426Crawlin' King Snake5:327Dust My Broom3:368The Sky Is Crying4:009Smokestack Lightnin'6:5010You Shook Me3:5211Driving Wheel2:5912Honey, Don't Tear My Clothes3:31 (Best Traditional Blues Album) in 2004. Two of her early songs have been given Grammy Hall of Fame Awards for "qualitative or historical significance": "At Last×At Last1991 · Album · CompilationSpotify (search)YouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1At Last2:592My Dearest Darling3:003Something's Got A Hold On Me2:464Stop The Wedding2:345Spoonful2:506Security2:497I'd Rather Go Blind2:378It's Too Soon To Know2:509Sunday Kinf Of Love3:1710Stormy Weather3:0711Girl Out Of My Dreams2:2112Out On The Street Again4:12", in 1999, and "The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry)" in 2008. In 2003, she was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Blues Foundation

The members of the Blues Foundation, a nonprofit organization set up in Memphis, Tennessee, to foster the blues and its heritage, have nominated James for a Blues Music Award nearly every year since its founding in 1980; and she received some form of Blues Female Artist of the Year award 14 times since 1989, continuously from 1999 to 2007. Her albums Life, Love, & the Blues (1999), Burnin' Down the House×Burnin' Down the House2002 · Album · LiveSpotifyYouTube Music (search)Tracklist · 12 tracks1Introduction0:522Come to Mama5:153I Just Wanna Make Love to You5:244I'd Rather Go Blind6:235All the Way Down6:326At Last4:467You Can Leave Your Hat On5:358Something's Got a Hold of Me5:129Your Good Thing Is About to End7:4210Rock Me Baby4:3011Love & Happiness / Take Me to the River / My Funny Valentine9:5912Sugar on the Floor9:28 (2003), and Let's Roll (2004) were awarded Soul/Blues Album of the Year, and in 2001 she was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.